The story of the Koh-i-Noor diamond is one of power, conquest and controversy – making it one of the most disputed gemstones in the world. Today, as debates around colonial restitution intensify, the diamond’s history is back in focus, with renewed calls for its return to India – including public pressure directed at King Charles III from New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani in a speech yesterday.
The Koh-i-Noor, meaning “Mountain of Light,” is believed to have been mined in the Golconda region of India, once famous for producing some of the world’s most valuable gems. Its early history is tied to the powerful Mughal Empire, where it was owned by emperors such as Shah Jahan and displayed on the legendary Peacock Throne.
In 1739, the diamond was seized during the invasion of Delhi by Persian ruler Nader Shah, who is said to have named it Koh-i-Noor.
After passing through Afghan rulers, the diamond came into the possession of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Following his death, the Sikh Empire weakened, paving the way for British annexation.
In 1849, under the Treaty of Lahore, the Koh-i-Noor was handed over to the British East India Company and presented to Queen Victoria. Critics argue the transfer was made under duress, making its ownership deeply controversial.
The diamond was later recut in London and incorporated into the British Crown Jewels. It is currently displayed at the Tower of London.
The Koh-i-Noor has long been at the centre of repatriation demands. India has repeatedly called for its return, arguing it was taken during colonial rule. Pakistan and Afghanistan have also laid claim to the diamond at various points.
The British government maintains that the diamond was legally acquired under the Treaty of Lahore. However, critics say this ignores the power imbalance of colonial rule.
The debate has taken on new relevance in the reign of King Charles III. Zohran Mamdani is among those who have publicly urged the monarch to return the Koh-i-Noor to India as a symbolic act of accountability.
The Koh-i-Noor remains part of the British Crown Jewels, secured in the Tower of London. Though it continues to draw millions of visitors, its presence there remains contested – and its future uncertain.
